国际GNSS服务组织全球电离层TEC格网精度评估与分析
Evaluation and analysis of the global ionospheric TEC map in the frame of international GNSS services
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摘要:
国际GNSS服务组织（International GNSS Services，IGS）发布的全球电离层TEC格网（Global Ionospheric Map，GIM）是利用GNSS进行电离层研究的主要数据源之一.IGS电离层工作组于2016年2月正式授予中国科学院为全球第五个电离层数据分析中心，由测量与地球物理研究所和光电研究院联合实施.本文系统地总结和展示了IGS电离层工作组对各分析中心GIM评估的结果；此次评估以基准站实测电离层TEC、测高卫星电离层TEC为参考，给出了各分析中心1998-2015年GIM的总体性能.结果显示：随着IGS基准站日益增多，各分析中心GIM内符合精度由4.5~7.0TECu提升至2.5~3.5TECu；不同分析中心GIM一致性从3.0~4.5TECu提升至2.0~3.5TECu；相对于测高卫星电离层数据，CODE、CAS、JPL和UPC分析中心的GIM精度相对较高（约4.0~4.5TECu），但是在不同测高卫星评估结果之间存在不同的系统性偏差.
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关键词:
- 全球导航卫星系统 /
- 电离层 /
- IGS电离层分析中心 /
- 全球电离层TEC格网
Abstract:The Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) released by the International GNSS Services (IGS) is becoming one of the important data sources for the ionosphere-related research and applications. The IGS ionospheric workgroup granted Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) as the fifth Ionosphere Associate Analysis Center (IAAC) routinely providing daily GIM to IGS and this new center is implemented by the Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics (IGG) in Wuhan and the Academy of Opto-Electronics (AOE) in Beijing. This paper briefly summaries the GIM evaluation results carried out by IGS ionospheric workgroup. The GIMs from current and new IAACs during the period of 1998-2015 were assessed by the ionospheric TEC from global GNSS stations and the altimetry satellites, such as TOPEX, JASON1 and JASON2, and the comparisons with the IGS final GIM product is conducted as well. The results show that (1) the precisions of GIM are improved from 4.5~7.0TECu to 2.5~3.5TECu and the consistencies among the GIMs from different IAACs are reduced from 3.0~4.5TECu to 2.0~3.5TECu with the increasing number of global GNSS stations in the last 2 decades. (2) Compared with the ionospheric TEC from altimetry satellites, the accuracies of GIM from CODE, CAS, JPL and UPC are about 4.0~4.5TECu, but different systemic biases exist between the GIM and the ionospheric TEC from different altimetry satellites.
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Key words:
- Global Navigation Satellite System /
- Ionosphere /
- International GNSS Services Ionosphere Associate Analysis Center /
- Global ionospheric TEC map
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图 1
基于球面三角格网的电离层TEC内插计算示意图
Figure 1.
Sketch of interpolation for the ionospheric TEC based on a spherical triangular grid
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图 2
基于单站双层层析的全球电离层TEC建模示意图
Figure 2.
Sketch of global ionospheric TEC modeling based on single-station two-layer tomography
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图 3
IGS电离层分析中心1998—2015年每天计算GIM所采用基准站数量对比
Figure 3.
Number comparison of global GNSS stations used in daily GIM computation at IGS-IAAC centers from 1998 to 2015
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图 4
不同分析中心GIM产品与PRDS基准站(北半球)实测电离层TEC差异统计(上图：均值，下图：标准差)
Figure 4.
Statistics of mean (upper) and standard deviation (lower) of differences between the GIM and the ionospheric observation from PRDS station in northern hemisphere
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图 5
不同分析中心GIM产品与基于SUTH基准站(南半球)实测电离层TEC差异统计(上图：均值，下图：标准差)
Figure 5.
Statistics of mean (upper) and standard deviation (lower) of differences between the GIM and the ionospheric observation from SUTH station in southern hemisphere
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图 6
不同分析中心GIM相对于IGS最终产品的精度时间序列统计
Figure 6.
Statistics of accuracies of GIM from different IGS IAACs with respect to the IGS final GIM product during 1998—2015
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图 7
TOPEX测高卫星2002年1月11—13日在有电离层观测时的星下点轨迹图
Figure 7.
Trajectory of TOPEX sub-satellite point while the ionospheric observation is available during the period of January 11—13, 2002
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图 8
基于TOPEX测高卫星电离层TEC的GIM精度评估结果(上图：均值，下图：标准差)
Figure 8.
Mean (upper) and standard deviation (lower) of the differences between the ionospheric TEC from TOPEX altimetry satellite and individual IAAC GIM
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图 9
基于JASON2测高卫星电离层TEC的GIM精度评估结果(上图：均值，下图：标准差)
Figure 9.
Mean (upper) and standard deviation (lower) of the differences between the ionospheric TEC from JASON2 altimetry satellite and individual IAAC GIM
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表 1
基于全球分布GPS基准站的不同分析中心GIM内符合精度统计(单位：TECu)
Table 1.
Average precisions of GIM from different IGS-IAACs validated by the ionospheric observation from global GPS stations (unit: TECu)
时间 产品 CODE CAS JPL UPC ESA 2002—2004 (0.66, 3.82) (0.68, 3.79) (3.49, 3.97) (1.57, 4.67) (-1.28, 7.06) 2005—2007 (-0.32, 1.44) (-0.47, 1.42) (2.46, 1.48) (-0.10, 1.77) (-0.17, 2.42) 2008—2010 (-0.36, 1.37) (-0.72, 1.31) (2.21, 1.35) (0.02, 1.68) (-0.39, 1.96) 2011—2014 (-0.03, 2.01) (0.26, 2.08) (3.14, 2.20) (0.60, 2.88) (0.30, 3.23) 平均 (0.02, 2.41) (0.05, 2.33) (2.92, 2.53) (0.58, 3.08) (-0.31, 4.24) 注：2011—2014不包括2013年数据；(A, B)中A和B分别表示均值和标准差.
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表 2
不同分析中心GIM相对于IGS最终产品均方根误差统计(单位：TECu)
Table 2.
Yearly accuracies of GIM from different IGS IAACs with respect to the IGS final GIM product (unit: TECu)
年份 产品 CODE CAS JPL UPC ESA 1998 3.01 3.02 4.27 4.62 4.49 1999 3.64 3.54 4.64 5.64 5.79 2000 4.41 3.91 4.91 6.45 6.94 2001 3.87 3.47 4.34 5.21 6.81 2002 3.26 3.07 3.78 4.27 7.50 2003 2.23 2.21 2.71 2.56 5.57 2004 1.68 1.78 2.45 2.01 4.42 2005 1.49 1.59 2.17 1.68 3.57 2006 1.20 1.25 2.00 1.47 1.67 2007 1.08 1.18 1.92 1.32 1.52 2008 1.10 1.15 1.79 1.28 1.43 2009 1.23 1.22 1.82 1.40 1.45 2010 1.66 1.60 1.94 1.79 2.19 2011 1.88 1.76 2.45 2.44 2.92 2012 2.18 2.05 2.89 2.85 3.44 2013 2.09 2.00 2.73 3.20 3.38 2014 2.19 2.04 2.80 3.77 3.63 2015 1.89 1.86 2.10 3.24 3.71 平均 2.43 2.31 3.05 3.44 4.35
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表 3
基于测高卫星电离层TEC的GIM精度评估统计(单位：TECu)
Table 3.
Accuracies of individual IAAC GIM evaluated by the ionospheric TEC from altimetry satellites (Unit: TECu)
测高卫星 产品 CODE CAS JPL UPC ESA TOPEX (-3.14, 5.27) (-3.06, 4.98) (-0.78, 4.65) (-2.56, 4.95) (-3.84, 6.76) JASON1 (-1.22, 4.18) (-1.27, 3.96) (0.95, 3.87) (-0.88, 3.81) (-1.80, 5.39) JASON2 (0.51, 4.12) (0.58, 3.93) (2.80, 4.18) (0.82, 3.86) (0.18, 5.03) 平均 (-1.10, 4.43) (-1.08, 4.21) (1.15, 4.16) (-0.71, 4.11) (-1.63, 5.63) 注：(A, B)中A和B分别表示均值和标准差.
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表 4
GIM与不同测高卫星电离层TEC之间的系统性偏差统计(单位：TECu)
Table 4.
Systemic bias of the ionospheric TEC from altimetry satellites with respect to that from individual IAAC GIM (unit: TECu)
测高卫星 产品 CODE CAS JPL UPC ESA 平均 TOPEX-JASON1 -1.92 -1.83 -1.73 -1.68 -2.04 -1.84 JASON1-JASON2 -1.73 -1.81 -1.85 -1.7 -0.17 -1.45 TOPEX-JASON2 -3.65 -3.64 -3.58 -3.38 -2.21 -3.29
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