8 冠词和数词-2020-2021学年高中英语语法记忆框架版（精编）
展开冠词和数词
一． 定义
冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，只能附着在一个名词上帮助说明其意义，它没有数和格的变化。
二． 冠词的分类
a
不定冠词
an
定冠词 the
零冠词 不使用冠词
三．不定冠词的用法：
1 | 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of | A plane is a machine that can fly. |
2 | 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 | A boy is waiting for you. |
3 | 表示“每一”相当于every，one | We study eight hours a day. |
4 | 表示“相同”相当于the same | We are nearly of an age. |
5 | 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 | A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. |
6 | 用于固定词组中 | a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time, make a living, come to an end |
7 | 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 | This room is rather a big one. |
8 | so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 | She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. |
9 | 用在某些物质名词前表示“一种、“一阵、一份、一场”等 | We had a heavy rain last night. a coffee; a tea; |
10 | 不定冠词用于抽象名词前，表示抽象名词具体化 | The girl is a great help to her mother. a surprise, a success, a concern |
11 | 用在地名、国名、专有名词前，表示某时的情况或某种样子 | You will see a stronger China in the near future. |
12 | 序数词表示“再一，又一”的意思时，用不定冠词。 | She has called on the president a third time but hasn’t seen him once yet. |
13 | a/an + 形容词最高级，表“非常” | That’s a most interesting film. |
14 | a/an+形容词比较级连用,表泛指 | I couldn’t have a colder day this winter. I know they would have a better life here. |
15 | a用在首字母发辅音的单词或字母前， an 用在首字母发元音的单词或字母前。 | a useful tool; a European；a university; a “u” an a/e/f/l/m/n/o/r/s/x; an hour; an honest man, an unusual place |
四．定冠词的用法：
1 | 用在单数名词前表示某一类人或物 | The horse is a useful animal. | ||
2 | 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 | the universe, the moon | ||
3 | 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 | Would you mind opening the door? | ||
4 | 用于乐器前面 | play the violin, play the guitar | ||
5 | 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 | the rich, the living, the wounded | ||
6 | 用在姓氏的复数形式前表示“一家人”或“夫妇” | the Greens, the Wangs | ||
7 | 用于序数词,形容词副词比较级最高级前 | He is the taller of the two children. | ||
8 | 用于国家党派，某些组织机构，报纸，杂志等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 | the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French， the Pacific Ocean | ||
9 | 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 | The compass was invented in China. | ||
10 | 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 | in the 1990’s | ||
11 | 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前 | the United Nations, the White House | ||
12 | 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 | He patted me on the shoulder. The window faces to the south. | ||
13 | 当only, main, same修饰名词时，前面也要用定冠词 | The same causes produce the same effects. | ||
14 | 用在表示具体单位的名词前，若是抽象的单位名词，则不需要定冠词 | They are paid by the week/ the hour. He hired the car by time. | ||
固定搭配：in the day in the morning / afternoon/ evening
the day before tomorrow/ yesterday the next morning / week/ month/ year
in the sky/ water/ field/ country in the dark
in the rain in the distance
in the middle (of) in the end
on the whole by the way
go to the theatre (cinema)
五. 零冠词的用法：
1 | 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名和nature (自然),space 等名词前 | Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air, the beauty of nature, in space |
2 | 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 | I want this book, not that one. Whose purse is this? |
3 | 表示泛指的复数名词前 | Horses are useful animals. |
4 | 在称呼语中 | Poor fellow! Professor Li, a scientist from China…. |
5 | 学科，球类，棋类、牌类名词前 | He likes playing football/chess. |
6 | 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 | by train, by air, by land |
7 | 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 | husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night |
8 | 月份，星期，节假日前, 但其前有修饰词时可用a/an | March, Sunday, National Day, spring, They met in a warm May/on a cold Saturday. |
9 | 在倒装的让步状语从句中，放在句首的名词前不用不定冠词 | Child as Jim is, he could not have done such a thing. |
10 | 表示一日三餐的名词前一般不用定冠词。但若要确定指某一次早中晚餐则用定冠词，表示“一种”时 或名词前有形容词时，可用不定冠词。 | Lunch is ready. The breakfast was well cooked. It’s a delicious supper. |
11 | 表示颜色的名词前一般不用定冠词 | Red is my favorite. |
12 | 表示语言的名词前一般不用定冠词 | Tom can speak Chinese.但the English language |
13 | 用作同位语或主语补足语以说明身份、职位、头衔或表示某种抽象概念等的名词前一般不用定冠词 | He is son to my neighbour. Obama, president of America, will pay a visit to China. I’m Lihua, a student from China. |
14 | 职位或头衔名称作表语时不用冠词，表示某一单位内独一无二的职务或正职，若用不定冠词，则含有“其中之一”的含义 | He is dean of the department.（正主任或唯一的一个主任） He is a dean of the department.（正副主任中的一个） |
15 | 表示家人的名词前可以不用定冠词，但该名词的第一个字母要大些 | Where has Father gone? She went downtown together with Aunt. |
16 | 一年四季前不用the；特指时必须加the，季节前有修饰词时可用a/an | It is very cold in winter in this part of China. We met for the first time in the winter of 1998. They met in a warm winter. |
17 | society作“社会”解时，如果泛指一般的社会，前不用定冠词；如果表示特定的某个社会，要用定冠词 | A thief is a danger to society. The society of the Greeks was based on freedom. |
18 | turn (变成) 后面作表语的名词前不用不定冠词a/an；当名词前有形容词修饰时，需加不定冠词 | He was a medical student before he turned writer. He turned a famous writer. |
19 | 在a kind of，this kind of，all kinds of 等后面的名词前往往不用冠词 | What kind of man is he？ |
20 | 在含有day 的节日、假日前，不用冠词。在含有festival 的节日前，须加冠词the | Children’s Day儿童节 Women’s Day妇女节 National Day 国庆节 the Spring Festival春节，the Mid autumn Festival 中秋节 |
21 | 有些人兼多个身份，第一名词前加冠词，其他不再加，但如指不同则加冠词 | a worker and writer 工人兼作家 a worker and a writer 一个工人和一个作家 |
22 | 泛指人类或男女 | Man is not always stronger than woman. Man must make the earth support more people. |
在某些词组中，用冠词与不用冠词，含义有所不同。如：
go to school 上学 go to the school 到学校去
in hospital 因病住院 in the hospital 在医院里
in front of 在……的前面 in the front of 在……的前部
out of question 不成问题 out of the question 根本不可能
take place 发生，举行 take the place of 代替
in charge of 负责，管理 in the charge of 在……的掌管之下
六. 冠词位置
a. 位于such，what，many，half等形容词之后
不定冠词常位于 b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不名词或名词修饰语前。 定冠词应放在形容词之后。
c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可
d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。
I have never seen such an animal.
Many a man is fit for the job.。
So short a time
Too long a distance
rather a cold day/a rather cold day
Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes.
Man as he is,
All the students in the class went out.
数词
一、基数词：表示数目的词为基数词
范围 | 特点 | 实例 |
1~12 |
无规律 | one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven |
13~19 |
以teen为结尾 | thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen |
20~90 | 以ty结尾 | twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy |
21~99 | 十位与个位之间要加连字符“-” | twenty-five, sixty-five, ninety-nine, sixty-five, |
101~999 |
百位与十位之间通常用and | three hundred and twenty-five (美语中常将and省略） |
千以上 |
/ | 6275-six thousand two hundred and seventy-five; 1200-twelve hundred |
二、序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词
范 围 | 特 点 | 实 例 |
1～19 |
各基数词尾加 th | 其中七例外：first, second ,third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth其中，如：four-forth, six-sixth, nineteen-nineteenth |
20,30～90 | 把y变i后加eth | twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth |
21以后多位数 | 最后一个数用序数词，基数词 | 21st-twenty-first, 110th-one hundred and tenth |
三、数词的用法：
.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式 列表:
2001.6.30 | June30,2001;30th June2001 | ||
7:25 | Seven twenty-five; twenty-five past seven | ||
12:54 | twelve fifty four; six to one | ||
9:15 | nine fifteen; a quarter past nine | ||
2:30 | two thirty; half past two | ||
21:50 | twenty-one fifty; 9:50p.m. | ||
第21 | twenty-first | ||
第123 | One hundred and twenty-third | ||
1/2; 1/3 | a half / one half; one third | ||
2 2/5 | two and two-fifths(分子大于一，分母用复数) | ||
20% | 20 per cent; 20 percent | ||
第七路公共汽车 | Bus Number Seven | ||
第201房间 | Room201 | ||
人民路153号 | 153 Renmin Road | ||
第8幢 | Building (No.)8 | ||
邮政编码537200 | Postcode537200 | ||
1.8 | one point eight | ||
表示“…..十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代 | He is in his early forties. (41-44) This took place in the 1940s（=1940’s）. | ||
编号 名+基数词 the+序数词+名词 | Grade One; the first Grade; World-WarⅠ, the First World War | ||
月份 | 一月 January （Jan.） 二月 February （Feb.） 十二月 December（Dec.） | ||
温度 20℃ | twenty degree centigrade | ||
长宽高 | 2米长 two meters long = two meters in length 3英尺高 three feet high= three feet in height 4英寸宽 four inches wide = four inches in width | ||
四.数词的功能
主语 | Thirty of them are Party members. |
宾语 | Please pass me the second. |
定语 | The nine boys are from Tianjin. The ninth boy is from Tianjin. |
表语 | Six plus four is ten. |
同位语（只限基数词） | We four will go with you. |
五．half 的用法
half 的表达 | half the money, half my income; They talked half an hour. |
一个半的表达 | one and a half hours; an hour and a half |
用作名词 | Half was damaged. Don’t do things by halves. |
六．hundred, thousand, million用法（只修饰可数名词）
表示不确定的泛指数时，不仅要加复数词尾-s, 而且要后接介词 of, 然后才能接名词。 | Thousands of students entered the contest. Millions of people died in the war. |
与具体数字连用时，通常不加复数词尾-s, 也不后接介词 of | Two hundred (thousand) students went there. About three million workers were on strike. |
当这些词后面的名词有了 the, these, those等特指限定词修饰时，或其后的接的是 us, them 这样的人称代词时，则此时必须用介词 of。 | three hundred of the /my/those students two thousand of them |
当这些词与 a few, several, many 等数目不很具体的词连用时，带不带复数词尾 -s 均可，但是注意：若不带复数词 -s, 其后的介词 of 可以省略；若带复数词尾-s, 则其后介词 of 不能省略。 | some hundred persons 大约一百人 some hundreds of persons 几百人 There I saw several hundred foreign guests. There I saw several hundred(s) of foreign guests. |
七．dozen和score的用法（只修饰可数名词）
dozen | 1) two(three, four, five) dozen books 2) two dozen of the/my/those books 3) dozens of books |
score | 1) a (two, three, four) score of books 2) two score of the /my/those books 3) scores of books |
八．倍数的表达
形容词或副词的比较级＋than＋B 表示“A比B大(长、高、宽等)多少倍
A+ 倍数 as+ 形容词或副词的原级＋as＋B 表示“A是B的多少倍
the size/height/length/width, etc.＋of＋B 表示“A是B的多少倍
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
＝Asia is four times the size of Europe.
＝Asia is three times larger than Europe.
＝The size of Asia is four times that of Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大(比欧洲大三倍)。
九．表示数量概念修饰词的用法
修饰可数名词复数 | a great/large/small number of a great/good many; many; many a(修饰单数可数名词) quite a few dozens of; scores of; hundreds of; |
修饰不可数名词 | a great deal of a great/large amount of much |
修饰可数名词或不可数名词 | a lot of; lots of a great/large quantity of masses of plenty of |
十．约数表示法
大约 某数 | nearly | She is nearly fifty now. |
almost | It’s almost three o’clock. | |
up to | Up to ten men can sleep in this tent. | |
or so | The distance is twenty miles or so. | |
about | I visited that village about three years ago. | |
some | Their team has some four or five players. | |
more or less | The container can hold more or less twenty pounds of water. | |
around/round | Let’s make it round/around eight o’clock. | |
大于 某数 | more than | He has lived here for more than twenty years. |
over | She is over fifty. | |
小于某数 | less than | I have less than (not more than) fifty dollars. |
under | Children under seven are not allowed to enter. | |
below | He would not sell it for below a hundred fifty-dollars. | |
其他 | 一两天 | One or two days = a day or two |
两三天/周/个苹果 | A couple of days/weeks/apples |
