固态电解质与电极界面的稳定性

冯吴亮; 王飞; 周星; 吉晓; 韩福东; 王春生

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20201554

摘要

相比于有机体系锂离子电池, 全固态锂金属电池有望同时提高电池安全性和能量密度, 因而受到广泛的研究和关注. 固态电解质的电化学窗口决定了电解质在高压电池充放电过程中是否保持稳定. 目前的固态电解质, 热力学稳定电化学窗口较窄, 限制了其与高电压正极以及锂金属负极的匹配. 因而能否形成动力学稳定的界面, 决定了全固态电池是否能够持续高效工作. 本文总结归纳了固态电解质的热力学稳定窗口的实验和理论计算研究进展, 并对提高界面稳定性的实验进展进行了简述. 在此基础上, 提出构建动力学稳定性界面及防止锂枝晶的思路, 并展望了全固态电池界面构建的研究方向.

关键词:

全固态电解质 /
电化学窗口 /
界面稳定性 /
全固态电池

Abstract

Compared with the lithium-ion battery based on the non-aqueous electrolyte, all-solid-state lithium battery has received much attention and been widely studied due to its superiority in both safety and energy density. The electrochemical window of solid electrolyte determines whether the electrolyte remains stable during the cycling of the high-voltage battery. Current solid electrolytes typically have narrow electrochemical windows, thereby limiting their coupling with high voltage cathodes and lithium metal anode. Therefore, the formation of the stable interphase determines the stabilities of the all-solid-state batteries. Here in this work, both the experimental and theoretical progress of the electrochemical stability window of solid-state electrolytes are summarized. Besides, the experimental achievements in improving the stability of the interphase are also mentioned. On this basis, the strategies of constructing dynamically stable interphase and preventing the lithium dendrite branch crystal from forming are put forward. The future research direction of the interphase construction in all-solid-state batteries is also presented.

Keywords:

all-solid-state electrolyte /
electrochemical windows /
interface stability /
all-solid-state batteries

作者及机构信息

冯吴亮^1,2,
王飞¹,
周星²,
吉晓³,
韩福东⁴,
王春生³

1.
复旦大学材料科学系, 上海　200433

2.
复旦大学化学系, 上海　200433

3.
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

4.
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA

通信作者: 王飞, feiw@fudan.edu.cn ; 王春生, cswang@umd.edu

Authors and contacts

Feng Wu-Liang^1,2,
Wang Fei¹,
Zhou Xing²,
Ji Xiao³,
Han Fu-Dong⁴,
Wang Chun-Sheng³

1.
Deparement of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China

2.
Deparement of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China

3.
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

4.
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA

Corresponding author: Wang Fei, feiw@fudan.edu.cn ; Wang Chun-Sheng, cswang@umd.edu

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施引文献

图 1 (a) 传统固体电解质的循环扫描伏安法测试装置示意图; (b) LGPS^{[ 22]}, (c) LLZO^{[ 24]}以及(d) Li₂OHCl^{[ 31]}电解质传统CV测试曲线

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of conventional cyclic scanning voltammetry device for solid-state electrolyte; CV testing curves for (b) LGPS^{[ 22]}, (c) LLZO^{[ 24]} and Li₂OHCl^{[ 31]} solid-state electrolyte.

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图 2 电解质电化学窗口测试装置结构示意图

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the testing device for the electrochemical stability window.

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图 3 三类电解质/电极界面化学稳定性示意图

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of chemical stability of the three kinds of electrolyte/electrode interfaces.

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图 4 (a) 氮化硼(BN)中间层稳定LATP/Li^{[ 37]}与(b) LiF中间层稳定LPSCl/Li^{[ 38]}界面示意图

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the (a) LATP/Li interface stabilization by BN^{[ 37]} and (b) LPSCl/Li interface stabilization by LiF^{[ 38]}, respectively.

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图 5 分别使用铟和固体电解质/C复合材料作为对电极和工作电极, 对Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂进行循环伏安(0.1 mV·s^–1)测试图^{[ 62]}

Fig. 5. CV curve (0.1 mV·s^–1) of Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂ with Indium counter electrode and solid electrolyte/C composites working electrode^{[ 62]}.

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图 6 (a) 活性物质循环过程中体积应变对正极界面接触的影响以及低杨氏模量中间层维持界面牢固接触示意图; (b) 负极界面锂剥离态导致间隙的产生以及加压或合金支架维持界面接触示意图.

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic diagram of the effect of volume changes of the active materials during charge/discharge on the contact of cathode interface, and solid contact maintenance by low Young's modulus interlayer; (b) schematic diagram of the gap generated by Li stripping and solid contact maintenance by pressure or alloy frameworks.

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图 7 基于材料数据库的热力学计算　(a)相稳定性: 被研究的亚稳态γ相能量与同成分下热力学平衡相的能量差(energy above hull)是衡量γ相稳定性的重要指标之一; (b) 巨电势相图(grand potential phase diagram): 衡量相稳定性在不同环境(比如对锂电位)下的变化; (c) 界面稳定性: 两相在不同比例时的二元相图及其相应的热力学反应焓变

Fig. 7. Schematic illustrations of thermodynamic calculations: (a) Schematic of an energy convex hull, indicating the energy above hull Ehull of a metastable γ phase and its decomposition reaction into the phase equilibria; (b) schematic of a GPPD, illustrating the evolution of phase equilibria under changing Li chemical potential mLi and an applied voltage 4; (c) mutual reaction energy versus composition of a pseudo-binary composed of LiCoO₂ and Li₃PS₄. The star corresponds to the predicted phase equilibria with decomposition enthalpy DHD at the mixing ratio.

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表 1 各类固体电解质电化学窗口的理论计算值与报道值概括

Table 1. Summary of the theoretical calculations and the reported values of electrochemical windows for different solid-state electrolytes.

电解质/SEI	理论计算值/V	实验值/V	测试方法
LiF	0—6.36^{[ 16]}	—	—
Li₂S	0—2.01^{[ 17]}	—	—
Li₃N	0—0.44^{[ 18]}	0—0.9^{[ 19]}	Li/液体电解质/Li₃N-C-PTFE
70Li₂S-30P₂S₅	2.28—2.31^{[ 17]}	0—5^{[ 20]}	Li/LPS/不锈钢
Li₆PS₅Cl	1.71—2.01^{[ 17]}	0—7^{[ 21]}	Li/LPS/不锈钢
Li₆PS₅Cl	1.71—2.01^{[ 17]}	1.25—2.5^{[ 15]}	Li-In/ LPSC/LPSC-C
Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂	1.71—2.14^{[ 17]}	0—5^{[ 22]}	Li/LGPS/Au
Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂	1.71—2.14^{[ 17]}	1—2.7^{[ 23]}	Li/LGPS/LGPS-C/Pt
Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂	0.05—2.91^{[ 17]}	0—6^{[ 24]}	Li/LLZO/Au
Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂	0.05—2.91^{[ 17]}	0—4^{[ 25]}	Li/LLZO/LLZO-C/Pt
Li_1.5Al_0.5Ge_1.5(PO₄)₃	2.7—4.27^{[ 17]}	0—6^{[ 26]}	Li/LAGP/Pt
LiPON	0.68—2.63^{[ 17]}	0—5.5^{[ 27]}	Li/LiPON/Pt

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表 2 常见固态电解质、正极材料以及界面修饰层的杨氏模量

Table 2. The Young’s modulus of the conventional solid-state electrolytes, cathodes and interface modification layers.

—	LLZO	LPS	Li₂OHCl	LiMn₂O₄	LiFePO₄	石墨	Al	Ge	Si	ZnO
E/GPa	150^{[ 12]}	19^{[ 69]}	7.8^{[ 70]}	100^{[ 71]}	124^{[ 72]}	27^{[ 73]}	69^{[ 73]}	80^{[ 73]}	107^{[ 73]}	135^{[ 73]}

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